"..The core of my suggestion is that handicrafts are taught not merely for production work but for developing intellect of the pupils"
Mahatma Gandhi said above words while recommending education through crafts. This idea was taken forward by the Kothari Commission (1964–66), which suggested introduction of 'work experience' in education. Subsequently, after the recommendations of 'Ishwarbhai Patel Committee' (July, 1977), which first coined the term 'Socially Useful Productive Work' or SUPW, the subject was first introduced to the school curriculum in 1978, by Ministry of Education, Government of India.
The main aim of the education is to make student “Versatile” or “Multi-talented”. To develop patriotic feeling and doing something for society that is the expectation of social work.
Main Objectives :
To develop the sense of dignity of labour in the students.
To develop proper attitude of the students towards education.
To remove social status and consequences of class distinction.
To emphasis upon the principle of productivity.
To discover aptitude of the students for their profitable vocation.
To give the spirit to student to do something for society and nation.
To increase the confidence of students and sense of security.
To know the importance of group work, co-operation.
To help the needy, self-realization, self-important, selflessness.
The concept of SUPW:
It bridges the gap between life and education, education and work. It makes learning effective and useful. It correlates knowledge with craft and theory with practice. It may help to increase national productivity and to self-employment. It leads to proper articulation between life and education. It enriches the personality of the child and helps him to develop his creative faculties and diverse abilities.
The aim of this curricular area is to provide children with opportunities of participating in social and economic activities inside and outside the class room, enabling them to understand scientific principles and processes involved in different types of work and in the setting in which they are found in the physical and social environment.
It deals with various fields of day to day living which a person experience throughout his life, few of the main fields are:
1. Gardening and Agriculture.
2. Carpentry, Masonry and Black Smithy.
3. Electricity.
Every field is useful for human and society, these all are job oriented and is a means of social welfare and earning.
Importance of Gardening and Agriculture
Gardening offers so many fun and interesting opportunities for children, and teaches them invaluable lessons.
They can learn about the different species of plants and what those plants need to help them grow. They also get to learn about the different seasons, weather and the affects they have on the plants.
It also offers an opportunity to learn about different shapes and colours, and different animals and insects they might come across.
Sensory Development
Gardening engages all sorts of senses and helps children to develop and recognize them without even realizing. They can feel the texture of soil, seeds, flower and petals. They get to smell all the amazing flower scents and see all the colorful petals.
It also helps develop hand-eye coordination and builds physical strength. Gardening is quite physical and requires the body to work hard digging, carrying, lifting, sieving, watering etc.
As children garden, they develop important motor skills that will help them improve their academic skills such as writing, cutting and typing.
Encourages Healthy Eating
It’s a well-known fact that if you engage children in growing their own vegetables, they gain a keen interest in eating them too.
It can sometimes be a real struggle to get children to eat healthy foods and enjoy them. Growing vegetables not only teaches them the hard work that it takes to grow them, but they get a sense of achievement knowing they are eating food they have grown themselves.
It’s not just the process of growing them, but learning about all the different fruits and vegetables they can grow, when is best to grow certain ones, and the process when it’s time to harvest.
It’s good to teach children about the preparation of food too, from harvest to cooking. There are so many valuable lessons they can learn which all help towards encouraging healthier lifestyles moving through their lives.
Teaches Responsibility & Patience
Growing any sort of plant or vegetable from the seedling or bulb stage requires daily attention and care. Children will quickly learn they get out what they put in. If the plants aren’t regularly watered and taken care of, they won’t flourish.
Gardening is a great way to teach responsibility, but, it is no overnight process. Children will need to learn to be patient when waiting for their flowers and vegetables to grow.
Develops Social Skills
Especially in schools, gardening can be a very sociable activity. Children can learn to work together and will enjoy discussing different types of flower, and process they have carried out to plant their seeds. The anticipation of waiting for whose flower will shoot through the soil first will encourage children to interact and engage. Gardening presents wonderful opportunities for children to bond and help each other look after and nurture their flowers.
Carpentry, Masonry and Black Smithy
Knowledge Of Electricity
Electricity is the most widely used form of energy, ranging from miniature batteries in your wristwatch to large arc furnaces for melting steel. It's important to understand electricity's basic principles to see how to use it wisely and safely.
Our first understanding of electricity began about 600 B.C. with the observed attraction between materials and amber rods rubbed with other materials. This is how the name electricity was derived.
What is Electricity?
The word "electric" comes from the Greek word "amber" and has been used to describe a wide range of related phenomena. We can't see electricity, but we can see its effects, such as light. Electricity can exist in a number of forms, but there are two types of commonly used electricity:
Direct Current, which is provided by batteries, solar panels, DC generator set etc.
Alternating Current which is provided by electric utilities or other power generators in the form of electrons -- called current -- flowing through a wire -- called a conductor.
Electrons
To gain an insight into how electricity flows through a material, we need to understand the structure of atoms -- nature's building blocks. All matter is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and other atoms. Each atom is
comprised of protons, which are positively charged; neutrons, which have no charge; and electrons, which are negatively charged. The protons form the nucleus of the atom and the electrons travel in orbits around the nucleus much like the earth travels around the sun.
Protons and electrons follow specific laws of attraction. Since they have opposite charges, they attract to one another. If an atom has the same number of protons as electrons, then the atom is balanced, and stable. The orbiting electrons remain in their orbits as long as nothing upsets the balance.
When something upsets this balance, then some of the electrons become "knocked" out of their orbits. The are called "free electrons". This unbalanced condition can be caused by rubbing cat's fur on amber, passing a wire through a magnetic field, or putting two chemicals together, as in a dry cell battery.
The free electrons are attracted to atoms where there is an electron missing and will fill the space just vacated by the first free electron. When this conditions occurs continuously, the movement of electrons becomes the basis for the flow of electrical energy we call "current".
Conductors
Materials that are made up of atoms whose electrons are easily freed are called conductive materials or "conductors". Platinum, gold, and silver are examples of the very best conductors of electricity.
Gold is used extensively in small quantities for high-value products like microelectronics, high quality audio components, computer chips and telecommunications satellites.
Copper and aluminum are also quite excellent conductors of electricity and much less expensive. Almost all electrical wiring is aluminum or copper.
Insulators
Insulators are materials that have structural properties exactly opposite of conductors. These materials are made up of atoms whose electrons are not easily "freed". These electrons are said to be tightly bound to the nucleus, and are very stable.
Insulators are used to prevent the flow of electrical current. The rubberized power cord and plastic coverings on appliances are typical examples of insulators. Glass, rubber, porcelain, and most plastics are good insulators.
Voltage
Voltage is the electrical force that causes free electrons to move from one atom to another. Just as water needs some pressure to force it through a pipe, electrical current needs some force to make it flow. "Volts" is the measure of "electrical pressure" that causes current flow. Voltage is sometimes referred to as the measure of a potential difference between two points along a conductor.
Voltage is typically supplied by either a generator or battery. Generators are analogous to a water pump in a water piping system, and batteries are similar to water towers. Both systems have a potential difference between the source of the power and someplace downstream from the source.
The scientific symbol for voltage is an "E", dating to early days of electricity when it was called the "Electromotive force". Scientists and engineers use the "E" symbol for voltage, while electricians and wiring books use "V" as the voltage symbol. This can create some confusion, since either may be encountered. In this title, we'll use the practical symbol "V" for voltage.
Current
Current is a measure of the rate of electron flow through a material. Electrical current is measured in units of amperes or "amps" for short. This flow of electrical current develops when electrons are forced from one atom to another.
One amp is defined as 6.28 x 10 18 electrons per second.
When current flows in a conductor, heat is produced. This happens because every conductor offers some resistance to current flowing.
That is why the amperage flow in a circuit is important, since the more amps flowing, the more heat is produced. Most people notice this heating effect when the cord of any appliance or electrical device heats up after the device has been running for an extended period.
Recognizing this heat production is important in specifying wire sizes. When a wire carries more amps than it can handle without overheating, we say it is "overloaded". Overloaded wires can melt the insulation and create shocks or even fires.
The scientific symbol for amperage is an "I", dating back to the early days of electricity. It is still used by scientists and engineers. Electricians and wiring guides use "A" as the amperage symbol. In this title, we'll use the practical symbol "A" for current flow in amps.
Power
The ability to do work. Watt is the standard unit in the metric system. 746 watts equals one horsepower in the English system of units.
Energy
Electrical energy is the average amount of power used over a given time period and is commonly measured in "kilowatt-hours." Electric utility electric meters accurately measure the kilowatt-hour energy use by the customer, and may also measure peak power use during a specified time interval.
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